2022/5782

Gittin 58a

The Gemara (Gittin 58a) presents an extraordinary story (William Davidson translation):

There was an incident involving Rabi Yehoshua ben Chananya who once went to the great city of Rome, where they said to him, there is a child in prison with beautiful eyes and an attractive appearance, and his curly hair is arranged in locks. Rabi Yehoshua went and stood by the entrance to the prison. He said, as if speaking to himself, “Mi Natan Limshisah Yaakov Ve’Yisrael LeVozezim,” “who gave Yaakov for a spoil, and Yisrael to the robbers?” (Yeshayahu 42:24). The child answered by reciting the continuation of the Pasuk: “Halo Hashem Zu Chatanu Lo VeLo Avu BiDerachav Haloch VeLo Shamu BeTorato,” “Did not Hashem, He against Whom we have sinned, and in Whose ways they would not walk, neither were they obedient to His law?”

In simple terms, Rabi Yehoshua tested the young lad, who was acclaimed for strikingly handsome features, to see if he knew a Pasuk in Yeshayahu which asks why our people have been degraded.  The boy, without missing a beat, completed the Pasuk which assigns blame on our sins. Rabi Yehoshua was so impressed that he he predicted greatness for this child and was willing to redeem the youngster at any price.  The child emerged to be the great Rabi Yishma’el ben Elisha.  

Halachic Ramifications

Before we delve deeper into the story, let us note two Halachic points communicated by this story.  Most prominently, although Halachah forbids ransoming captives for exorbitant prices unless captors are motivated thereby to grab others (Gittin 45a), in a case where the captured individual is of overwhelming importance to the Jewish community he may be redeemed (as noted by Tosafot ad. loc. s.v. Kol Mammon).  Tosafot’s insight may justify the Israeli government’s releasing an outrageous amount of Palestinian criminals to obtain the release of a kidnapped Israeli soldier.  Maintaining the morale of Israeli soldiers is of paramount importance to the extent it may warrant the shocking price.  

The second insight is Rabi Yehoshua’s framing the boy’s great promise as an eventual “Moreh Hora’ah Bi’Yisrael”, or a Poseik (a  Halachic decisor).  Rabi Yehoshua regards one who renders Halachic decisions to be of the highest level of Torah achievement.  Rabi Yehoshua’s view supports a point repeatedly stressed by both Rav Ovadia Yosef (e.g. in his introduction to the Yabia Omer) and his son Rav Yitzchak Yosef (many times in his work Yalkut Yosef) in their writings.  While some (such as Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik in his Ish Halacha) extol delving deeply into the “Lomdus” (underlying Halachic logic) as the ideal of Torah learning, Rabi Yehoshua supports the idea that rendering practical Halachic decisions is the ultimate achievement for a Torah scholar.  

A Practical Lesson

On a practical note, the child is redeemed not because he begs for release or presents himself as being in greater need than others.  He projects himself with confidence and proves his value to the community, thereby achieving redemption.  This type of stance for someone in need is crucial for a wide variety of areas ranging from fundraising to dating for marriage to obtaining a raise at work.  Posturing as pitiful and pathetic is most often not an effective means to move forward.  

A Powerful Question

Our story is deceptively simple.  However, a powerful question is needed to unlock the deeper meanings of the story.  

While it is impressive that the child was able to complete the Pasuk, how does this demonstrate that he is, in Tosafot’s words, an extraordinary scholar?  How does knowing one Pasuk indicate that he will eventually be a great Halachic authority?  

Inclusion in the Community

As a first step, the Pasuk (and the child’s immediate response, indicating his internalizing its message) expresses inclusion in community.  Although isolated in a Roman prison, the child states “Chatanu”, “we have sinned,” including himself in Am Yisrael (quite the opposite of the Ben Rasha of the Seder).  The young lad is not self-centered.  Instead, he sees himself as part of a much greater entity, Am Yisrael.

Moreover, by including himself in a Pasuk in Yeshayahu, written hundreds of years before his encounter with Rabi Yehoshua, the boy shows that he views himself not only as part of the Jews of his days, but rather as part of an even greater entity – the Jewish People of the present, past, and future.  Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik is fond of citing Ramban who refers to this great entity as “Kenesset Yisrael.”  

The critical importance of connecting with our people even of the distant past and far away future lies at the heart of the astounding Talmudic teaching that  "Whoever mourns for Jerusalem will merit seeing its joy" (Ta'anit 30b).  The Gemara states that the opposite is true as well.  One who connects to the sorrowful episodes of our past is also part of the glorious moments in the future, even before they happen!

Taking Responsibility

Moreover, by citing the Pasuk, the child assumes responsibility for his suffering.  He does not blame the Romans and he does not cast himself as a victim.  This stance represents the beginning of his redemption.  

The boy’s attitude contrasts sharply with other suffering groups who instead of assuming responsibility for their plight, cast the blame on others.  This disempowering attitude serves only to perpetuate their difficulties.  

Rabi Yehoshua, living on the heels of Churban Bayit Sheini, recognized that the Jewish future depends on leaders who will promote the attitude of the young lad in a horrid Roman jail.  Since he felt we needed such leadership so desperately, he was willing to pay any price to ransom this young man.  

Recognizing the Bigger Picture – Hashem

For the young lad, his evil Romans oppressors are irrelevant.  Hashem is behind his suffering and the suffering of so many other Jews that share his plight.  

A Road to the Redemption

The boy’s attitude is an empowering one.  Since he is part of the cause of his suffering, he can partake in his redemption.  Identifying the cause of his difficulty also sets forth its solution.  The suffering can end when we commit to the Hashem and His Torah.  Of course, this is the core message to communicate to our people.  

How Did the Boy Know the Pasuk?

The boy’s ability to complete a Pasuk on-demand not only shows that before his capture he assiduously studied.  It also proves that he continued to study while in captivity!  

Torah must be constantly reviewed, otherwise, it is easily and very readily forgotten.  Chazal state that “Im Ta’azveini Yom, Yomayim E’ezveka,” “if one abandons the Torah for one day he distances himself from Torah for two days.”  The reason is that he was away for Torah for one day and the Torah was away from Torah for a day as well, bringing the total to two days!

Accordingly, how did this boy continue to learn Torah while in a horrid Roman prison?  Chazal very rightfully refer to the Romans as the “Umah HaResha’ah”, the evil nation.  The Nazis, Yimach Shemam, looked to the Romans as role models of evil behavior.  Thus, one can only imagine how horrible the conditions were for a Jewish captive in a Roman prison!  

And yet the boy still could complete a Pasuk on a dime!  How could he still do this?  He assuredly did not have holy Sefarim from which to learn in the Roman jail.  It must be that the boy was constantly reviewing the Torah in his head.  

Moreover, the fact that a Pasuk that addresses his plight is foremost on his mind, as evidenced by his fluency in the Pasuk, shows he is keenly aware of this Pasuk and its powerful message. 

How Did the Boy Maintain His Good Looks in Jail?

Finally, we must ask how this Jewish youngster maintained his handsome appearance in a very nasty environment. He probably did not have an opportunity to bathe, and he likely was given little to eat.  The fact that he looked so good in the Roman jail was so striking that people called this very surprising phenomenon to the attention of the great Rabi Yehoshua.  

The boy’s good looks, I suggest, stems from his positive attitude.  While his external environment was deplorable, his inner environment, namely his mindset, was positive and happy.  On the outside, he was a wretched prisoner in a Roman jail, but on the inside, he was an aspiring Torah student regardless of his environment.  Such is the stuff of greatness.  

Conclusion

Two of the greatest leaders two generations after the Churban were not candidates to be voted as “most likely to succeed” by their peers.  Nonetheless, the extraordinary talent of Rabi Yishma’el was discerned and discovered by Rabi Yehoshua, just as Rachel, the wife of Rabi Akiva, realized the potential for her husband’s greatness.

Although each of us is unlikely to rise to the level of Rabi Yishma’el, we can still achieve our own level of greatness by embracing the attitude exemplified by Rabi Yishma’el as a child in a Roman prison.  

By digging deep and discovering the extraordinary quality of this story, we have unlocked the very essence of our people: a great nation that has preserved and thrived even in the most difficult of situations.    

Postscript

Many have noted that it seems very unusual for Rabi Yishma’el to carry the name of a less than wholesome character from Sefer BeReishit.  However, based on our story, my son Binyamin notes that the name fits perfectly.  Yishma’el of Bereishit Perek 21 emerges from a near-death experience and develops into a nation great in numbers, as a result of crying out to Hashem.  Rabi Yishma’el, in turn, elevates himself from the depths to a great leader of our people, by his complete allegiance and fidelity to Hashem and His Torah even in the darkest of times.  Therein lies the secret of the eternal vitality of our people.